Benign (non-cancerous) growths, pre-cancerous polyps and cancers can develop in the anus, the tube-like canal that connects the rectum to the outside of the body.  Anal cancer is a malignant tumor of either the anal canal or anal verge, a transitional zone between the skin of the anal canal and the perianal skin.  Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of anal cancer.  Possible symptoms include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.  While the prognosis depends upon the size of the tumor and whether it has spread to lymph nodes, treatment for anal cancer is often very effective.

Anal cancer is fairly rare.  The American Cancer Society estimates that fewer than 5,000 individuals annually will be diagnosed with anal cancer.  The vast majority of new cases are in Caucasians, with women affected more than men. 

Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis

Among the risk factors associated with anal cancer are:

• Individuals age 50+
• Having multiple sexual partners
• Anal intercourse
• Infection with the human Papilloma virus (HPV)
• Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Smoking
• Individuals diagnosed with benign conditions such as anal fistulae (abnormal openings), anal fissures, perianal abscesses or hemorrhoids

Symptoms may include:

• Bleeding from the anus or rectum
• Pain or pressure
• Itching or discharge
• A lump near the anus
• A change in bowel habits

Diagnosis is made with a thorough history and physical examination, a digital rectal examination, and visualization of the anal canal with an anoscope or proctoscope.  A biopsy will also be taken.  Once a diagnosis is made, additional tests will determine the extent of disease and treatment plan, which may include a combination of radiation and chemotherapy.

Learn More

 Treatment Options for Anal Cancer